Which statement about statistical significance is true?

The statement that small differences can be statistically significant is accurate because statistical significance is determined by the p-value, which reflects the probability that the observed results occurred by chance. Even minor differences can reach statistical significance if the sample size is large enough, resulting in a low p-value. This situation often occurs in research studies where large samples yield small effect sizes that are still statistically significant.

This concept underscores the importance of differentiating between statistical significance and clinical relevance. Just because a finding reaches statistical significance does not necessarily mean it is clinically meaningful or practically applicable. Therefore, options that suggest a direct link between statistical significance and major clinical changes, guarantee of treatment effectiveness, or equivalence of statistical and clinical significance do not hold true in the broader context of clinical decision-making.